Publications
This publications page has expanded beyond its initial purpose of describing the BehavePlus fire modeling system, the fire models that are included in BehavePlus, and related historical documents. We have created a summary table of BehavePlus models and citations (PDF; 109 KB).
These publications are available in PDF format 1 in several ways:
- [ PDF ] files were generally generated by the publisher and are fully searchable. (Some of the files currently labeled [ PDF ] will be relabeled [ OCR ] when we add the [ PRI ] version.)
- [ PRI ] files are PDF files obtained by scanning a paper copy and are retained in a 'pristine' format.
- [ OCR ] files are scanned copies that have been subjected to 'Optical Character Recognition' conversion. They are searchable, but may contain typographical errors resulting from the OCR capture process. These PDF files are usually smaller than the posted size, which represents the size of the pristine PDF file.
To print PDF and OCR publications without the attached warning label (if it exists), select Document under Comments and Forms on the Print window in Adobe® Reader.
| BehavePlus fire modeling system |
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This paper is an overview of BehavePlus. It includes a description of the relationship of BehavePlus to other fire behavior systems and a table of the mathematical models that form the basis of the system.
Andrews, P. L. 2007. BehavePlus fire modeling system: past, present, and future. In: Proceedings of 7th Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorological Society. 2007 October 23-25; Bar Harbor, ME. (647 KB; 13 pages) [ PDF ]
This document is also available from
the conference website: http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/126669.pdf.
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BehavePlus for Dummies answers questions like "What is a fuel model, and what are the units?" and teaches you how to do fire modeling at the push of a button. 2010. [ PDF ]
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The Features Paper helps users better understand BehavePlus and use it more effectively. It is based in part on material in the self-study lessons regarding program operation available on the Training page.
Heinsch, F. A.; Andrews, P. L. 2010. BehavePlus fire modeling system, version 5.0: Design and Features. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-249. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. (10,487 KB; 111 pages) [ PDF ]
This document is also available from
the RMRS Publications website: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr249.html, and
TreeSearch: http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36989.
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The Variables Paper is a reference document that describes the 189 variables in BehavePlus, with information on input and output relationships. It is packaged with the program and is accessible via the Help button.
Andrews, P. L. 2009. BehavePlus fire modeling system, version 5.0: Variables. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-213WWW Revised. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. (2,862 KB; 111 pages) [ PDF ]
This document is also available from
the RMRS Publications website: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr213.html, and
TreeSearch: http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30565.
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The User's Guide describes operation of the BehavePlus program. It does not describe specific modeling capabilities of the system. It is packaged with the program and is accessible via the Help button. The User's Guide was not updated for version 5.0 because basic program operation has not changed; the version 4.0 publication is still valid.
Andrews, P. L.; Bevins, C. D.; Seli, R. C. 2008. BehavePlus fire modeling system, version 4.0: User's Guide. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-106WWW Revised. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. (5,872 KB; 116 pages) [ PDF ]
This document is also available from
the RMRS Publications website: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr106.html, and
TreeSearch: http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/5488.
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Andrews, P. L. 2010. Do you BEHAVE? – Application of the BehavePlus fire modeling system. In: 3rd fire behavior and fuels conference; 2010 October 25-29; Spokane, WA. (209 KB; 17 pages) [ PDF ]
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This BehavePlus (version 5) poster is posted in the hall at the Missoula Fire Lab. It is a brief overview for visitors. 2010. (206 KB) [ PDF, reduced to 8.5" x 11" ] |
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This poster is an overview of BehavePlus. It includes a brief description of each module.
Andrews, P. L.; Bevins, C. D.; Seli, R. C. 2007. BehavePlus fire modeling system, version 4.0 overview. In: 2nd fire behavior and fuels conference: the fire environment--innovations, management, and policy; 2007 March 26-30; Destin, FL. (176 KB) [ PDF, reduced to 8.5" x 11" ]
A larger version can be downloaded for Microsoft PowerPoint. (26.5 MB) [ PPT ] |
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This poster is an overview of application of BehavePlus to prescribed fire planning.
Andrews, P. L.; Kelley, T. M. 2007. Use of the BehavePlus fire modeling system for prescribed fire planning. In: 2nd fire behavior and fuels conference: the fire environment--innovations, management, and policy; 2007 March 26-30; Destin, FL. (174 KB) [ PDF, reduced to 8.5" x 11" ]
A larger version can be downloaded for Microsoft PowerPoint. (9.86 MB) [ PPT ] |
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| Fire Characteristics Chart |
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Andrews, P. L.; Heinsch, F. A.; Schelvan, L. 2011. How to generate and interpret fire characteristics charts for surface and crown fire behavior. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-253. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. (4,748 KB; 40 pages) [ PDF ]
This document is also available from
the RMRS Publications website: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr253.html, and
TreeSearch: http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37380.
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This proceedings paper and accompanying poster provide an overview of the Fire Characteristics Chart.
Note: The fire danger rating option described in this paper is not yet available.
Heinsch, F.A.; Andrews, P. L. 2010. Fire characteristics charts for fire behavior and U.S. fire danger rating. In: 3rd fire behavior and fuels conference; 2010 October 25-29; Spokane, WA. (1,140 KB; 14 pages) [ PDF ]
The poster can be downloaded as a PDF. (480 KB; 2 pages) [ PDF, reduced to 8.5" x 11" ]
A larger version of the poster can be downloaded for Microsoft PowerPoint. (17.3 MB) [ PPTX ] |
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Andrews, P. L.; Rothermel, R. C. 1982. Charts for interpreting wildland fire behavior characteristics. General Technical Report INT-131. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (3,235 KB; 21 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Roussopoulos, P. J. 1974. Fire intensity levels, initial summary. National fuel management workshop. (142 KB; 3 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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| Fire behavior prediction |
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The basics of fire behavior prediction are described in this publication.
Rothermel, R. C. 1983. How to predict the spread and intensity of forest and range fires. General Technical Report INT-143. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (7,174 KB; 161 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Nomographs (nomograms) were developed by Albini (1976). They were reformatted by Rothermel (1983) to use midflame rather than 20-ft wind and with an added heat per unit area axis label. A correction was made to the fuel model 7 nomogram in 1991 and is included in this version of the nomograms.
Fire behavior nomograms. 1992. PMS 436-3, NFES 2220, Boise, ID: National Interagency Fire Center. (69,241 KB; 28 pages) [ PRI ]
Note: The full document may take a long time to load. Individual fuel model nomographs (nomograms) may be downloaded below.
A conversion to the OCR form is not meaningful for this document.
| Individual Fuel Model Nomograms |
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Brush Group |
Timber Group |
Logging Slash Group |
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11 [ PRI ] |
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5 [ PRI ] |
9 [ PRI ] |
12 [ PRI ] |
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6 [ PRI ] |
10 [ PRI ] |
13 [ PRI ] |
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A new form of nomographs was developed for the original 13 and the new 40 standard fire behavior fuel models.
Scott, J. H. 2007. Nomographs for estimating surface fire behavior characteristics. General Technical Report INT-192. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. (16,342 KB; 119 pages) [ PDF ]
This document is also available from
the RMRS Publications website: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr192.html, and
TreeSearch: http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/27177. |
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The surface fire spread model is for steady-state spread. This paper describes considerations when the ignition pattern is used to affect fire behavior.
Rothermel, R. C. 1984. Fire behavior consideration of aerial ignition. In: Workshop: prescribed fire by aerial ignition; 1984; Missoula, MT (Intermountain Fire Council). (905 KB; 16 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Rothermel, R. C.; Rinehart, G. C. 1983. Field procedures for verification and adjustment of fire behavior predictions. General Technical Report INT-142. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (5,180 KB; 25 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Wells, G. 2008. The Rothermel Fire-Spread Model: Still Running Like a Champ. JFSP Fire Science Digest 2: 1-12. (1,506 KB; 12 pages) [ PDF ] |
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Albini, F. A. 1984. Wildland Fires. American Scientist 72: 590-597. (6,088 KB; 8 pages) [ PDF ] |
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Andrews, P. A.; Finney, M.; Fischetti, M. 2007. Predicting Wildfires. Scientific American July: 46-55. (782 KB; 8 pages) [ PDF ] |
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Andrews, P. L. 1996. Fire Environment. In: Pyne, S. J.; Andrews, P. L.; Laven, R. D. Introduction to Wildland Fire, Second Edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (168 pages)
- Fire Environment, the first four chapters of "Introduction to Wildland Fire." [ PRI ] [ OCR ] (73,867 KB; pp. i-xxxiii and 1-167; Warning: This document may take a long time to load.)
- Front Matter & Chapter 1 - Wildland Fire Fundamentals [ PRI ] [ OCR ] (pp. i-xxxiii, 1-45)
- Chapter 2 - Fire Behavior [ PRI ] [ OCR ] (pp. 46-89)
- Chapter 3 - Wildland Fuels [ PRI ] [ OCR ] (pp. 90-127)
- Chapter 4 - Fire Weather [ PRI ] [ OCR ] (pp. 128-168)
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| The old BEHAVE fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system |
| The BURN subsystem of BEHAVE consisted of the FIRE1 and FIRE2 programs, the fire behavior prediction part of BEHAVE. Discussion of the models in these papers is still valid for BehavePlus. |
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Andrews, P. L. 1986. BEHAVE: fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system - BURN subsystem, part 1. General Technical Report INT-194. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. (3,678 KB; 133 pages) [ PRI] [ OCR ] |
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Andrews, P. L.; Chase, C. H. 1989. BEHAVE: fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system - BURN subsystem, part 2. General Technical Report INT-260. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. (14,596 KB; 96 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Andrews, P. L.; Bradshaw, L. S. 1990. RXWINDOW: defining windows of acceptable burning conditions based on desired fire behavior. General Technical Report INT-273. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. (2,479 KB; 54 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
The FUEL subsystem of BEHAVE consisted of the NEWMDL and TSTMDL programs, which were used to develop custom fuel models for surface fire. The information in these papers is still valid for BehavePlus. |
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Burgan, R. E.; Rothermel, R. C. 1984. BEHAVE: fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system - FUEL subsystem. General Technical Report INT-167. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (10,474 KB; 126 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Burgan, R. E. 1987. Concepts and interpreted examples in advanced fuel modeling. General Technical Report INT-238. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. (1,802 KB; 44 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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| Surface fire |
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Rothermel's 1972 surface fire spread model is the foundation of BehavePlus and many other systems used in the U.S.
Rothermel, R. C. 1972. A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. General Technical Report INT-115. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (1,925 KB; 50 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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This research note presents the equations for Rothermel's fire spread model in metric (SI) units.
Wilson, R. 1980. Reformulation of forest fire spread equations. Research Note INT-292. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (2,413 KB; 5 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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This book chapter is the reference for Byram's fireline intensity and flame length equations.
Byram, G. M. 1959. Combustion of Forest Fuels. In: Davis, K. P. Forest Fire: Control and Use, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 61-89. (2,557 KB; 29 pages) [ PDF ] |
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Rothermel, R. C.; Deeming, J. E. 1980. Measuring and interpreting fire behavior for correlation with fire effects. General Technical Report INT-93. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (325 KB; 3 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Van Wagner, C. E. 1973. Height of crown scorch in forest fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3(3): 373-378. (139 KB; 6 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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| Crown fire |
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Rothermel, R. C. 1991. Predicting behavior and size of crown fires in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Research Paper INT-438. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. (23,585 KB; 46 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Van Wagner, C. E. 1977. Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 7(1): 23-34. (1,219 KB; 12 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Thomas, P. H. 1963. The size of flames from natural fires. Symposium (International) on Combustion 9: 844-859. (1,125 KB; 16 pages) [ PDF ] |
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| Fuel |
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The 13 standard fire behavior fuel models are described.
Anderson, H. E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. General Technical Report INT-122. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (1,856 KB; 28 pages) [ PDF ] |
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The 40 additional standard fire behavior fuel models are described.
Scott, J. H.; Burgan, R. E. 2005. Standard fire behavior fuel models: a comprehensive set for use with Rothermel's surface fire spread model. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-153. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. (1,359 KB; 80 pages) [ PDF ] |
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A special case 'fuel model' was developed for Palmetto-Gallberry. It is an option in BehavePlus.
Hough, W. A.; Albini, F. A. 1978. Predicting fire behavior in palmetto-gallberry fuel complexes. Research Paper SE-174. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. (3,838 KB; 46 pages) [ PDF ] |
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A special case 'fuel model' was developed for western aspen. The publication includes photographs and fire modeling methods.
Brown, J. K.; Simmerman, D. G. 1986. Appraising fuels and flammability in western aspen: a prescribed fire guide. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-205. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. (6,770 KB; 51 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Five custom chaparral fuel models are available with BehavePlus in the SoCalifornia folder.
Weise, D. 1997. Fuel modeling efforts for chaparral. Resource Management: The Fire Element Spr/Sum: 4-5. (184 KB; 2 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
BehavePlus offers three methods for modeling spread through two fuel models. The 'area weighted' method was used in the old BEHAVE system. The '2-dimensional expected spread' is the recommended method. |
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Finney, M. A. 2003. Calculation of fire spread rates across random landscapes. International Journal of Wildland Fire 12: 167-174. (1,331 KB; 8 pages) [ PDF ] |
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This paper describes the method of modeling spread through two fuel models called 'harmonic mean'.
Fujioka, F. M. 1985. Estimating wildland fire rate of spread in a spatially non-uniform environment. Forest Science 31: 21-29. (1,645 KB; 5 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Information from this paper is used in the BehavePlus Help System description of canopy bulk density.
Scott, J. H.; Reinhardt, E. D. 2005. Stereo photo guide for estimating canopy fuel characteristics in conifer stands. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-145. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. (1,201 KB; 49 pages) [ PDF ] |
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Fahnestock, G. R. 1970. Two keys for appraising forest fire fuels. Research Paper PNW-99. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. (2,208 KB; 26 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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| Fuel moisture |
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Burgan, R. E. 1979. Estimating live fuel moisture for the 1978 National Fire Danger Rating System. Research Paper INT-226. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (784 KB; 16 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Nelson, R. M. 2000. Prediction of diurnal change in 10-h fuel stick moisture content. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30: 1071-1087. (2,114 KB; 17 pages) [ PDF ] |
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This method for predicting fuel moisture was used in the old BEHAVE system, but is not used in BehavePlus.
Rothermel, R. C.; Wilson, R. A.; Morris, G. A.; Sacket, S. S. 1986. Modeling moisture content of fine dead wildland fuels: input to the BEHAVE fire prediction system. Research Paper INT-359. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (8,771 KB; 61 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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| Fire shape and growth |
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Anderson developed a double ellipse method for estimating fire shape. BehavePlus uses a simple ellipse.
Anderson, H. E. 1983. Predicting wind-driven wild land fire size and shape. General Technical Report INT-305. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (2,238 KB; 30 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Rothermel, R. C.; Hartford, R. A.; Chase, C. H. 1994. Fire growth maps for the 1988 Greater Yellowstone Area fires. General Technical Report INT-304. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. (3,269 KB; 64 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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| Midflame wind speed |
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Andrews, P.L. 2012. Modeling wind adjustment factor and midflame wind speed for Rothermel's surface fire spread model. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-266. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. (10,350 KB; 39 pages) [ PDF ] |
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Baughman, R. G.; F. A. Albini. 1980. Estimating midflame windspeeds. In: Sixth Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology, 1980 April 22-24, Seattle, WA. Society of American Foresters: 88-92. (1,846 KB; 5 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Albini, F. A.; Baughman, R. G. 1979. Estimating windspeeds for predicting wildland fire behavior. Research Paper INT-221. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (1,179 KB; 12 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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| Spotting distance |
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Albini, F. A. 1979. Spot fire distance from burning trees – a predictive model. General Technical Report INT-56. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (2,850KB; 73 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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This research note presents equations for predicting spotting distance from torching trees.
Chase, C. H. 1981. Spot fire distance equations for pocket calculators. Research Note INT-310. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (643 KB; 21 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Albini, F. A. 1983. Potential spotting distance from wind-driven surface fires. Research Paper INT-309. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (979 KB; 27 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Chase, C. H. 1984. Spotting distance from wind-driven surface fires – extensions of equations for pocket calculators. Research Note INT-346. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (654 KB; 21 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Albini, F. A. 1983. Transport of firebrands by line thermals. Combustion Science and Technology 32: 277-288. (386 KB; 12 pages) [ PDF ]
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Morris, G. A. 1987. A simple method for computing spotting distances from wind-driven surface fires. Research Note INT-374. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. (4,193 KB; 6 pages) [ PDF ] |
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Albini, F. A. 1981. Spot fire distance from isolated sources--extensions of a predictive model. Research Note INT-309. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (185 KB; 11 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
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| Fire containment |
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Used in the CONTAIN module of BehavePlus.
Fried, J. S.; B. D. Fried. 1996. Simulating wildfire containment with realistic tactics. Forest Science 42(3): 267-281. (313 KB; 15 pages) [ PDF ] |
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Used in the CONTAIN module of BehavePlus.
Fried, J. S.; B. D. Fried. 2010. A foundation for initial attack simulation: The Fried and Fried fire containment model. Fire Management Today 70(2): 44-47. (199 KB; 4 pages) [ PDF ] |
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Used in the CONTAIN module of the old BEHAVE system.
Albini, F. A.; Korovin, G. N.; Gorovaya, E. H. 1978. Mathematical analysis of forest fire suppression. Research Paper INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (961 KB; 26 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Albini, F. A.; Chase, C. H. 1980. Fire containment equations for pocket calculators. Research Note INT-268. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (844 KB; 18 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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| Safety zones |
| Safety zone size is in the SAFETY module of BehavePlus. |
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Butler, B. W.; Cohen, J. D. 1998. Firefighter safety zones: how big is big enough? Fire Management Notes 58(1): 13-16. (71 KB; 4 pages) [ PDF ] |
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Butler, B. W.; Cohen, J. D. 1998. Firefighter safety zones: a theoretical model based on radiative heating. International Journal of Wildland Fire 8: 73-77. (364 KB; 5 pages) [ PDF ] |
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Butler, B. W.; Cohen, J. D. 1996. An Analytical Evaluation of Firefighter Safety Zones. In: Weber, R. chair. Proceedings: 13th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology; 1996 October 27-31; Lorne, Australia. (1,537 KB; 7 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
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Butler, B.; Forthofer, J. 2002. Get into the zone. Wildfire September/October: 16-22. (7,808 KB; 6 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
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| Probability of ignition |
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Probability of ignition from lightning.
Latham, D. J.; Schlieter, J. A. 1989. Ignition probabilities of wildland fuels based on simulated lightning discharges. General Technical Report INT-411, Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. (279 KB; 20 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Probability of ignition from firebrands.
Schroeder, M. J. 1969. Ignition probability. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Office Report 2106-1. (661 KB; 27 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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| Spatial fire behavior systems |
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FlamMap does BehavePlus-type calculations for every pixel on the landscape. FlamMap also includes modeling for optimum fuel treatment location.
Finney, M. A. 2006. An overview of FlamMap fire modeling capabilities. In: Fuels management—how to measure success: conference proceedings. 2006 March 28-30; Portland, Oregon. Proceedings RMRS-P-41. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 213-220. (647 KB; 13 pages) [ PDF ]
This document is also available from
the RMRS Publications website: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p041/rmrs_p041_213_220.pdf.
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FARSITE models fire growth across the landscape.
Finney, M. A. 2004. FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator–model development and evaluation. Research Paper RMRS-RP-4 Revised. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. (1,667 KB; 47 pages) [ PDF ]
This document is also available from
the RMRS Publications website: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp004.html, and
TreeSearch: http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/4617.
The original version of this paper, published in 1998, is also available as a PDF file. (1,527 KB; 47 pages)
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| Past fire behavior modeling systems |
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The FIREMOD program included Rothermel's spread model and other models.
Albini, F. A. 1976. Computer-based models of wildland fire behavior: a user's manual. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (1,611 KB; 71 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Original publication of the nomographs (nomograms).
Albini, F. A. 1976. Estimating wildfire behavior and effects. General Technical Report INT-30. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (11,756 KB; 97 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Burgan, R. E. 1979. Fire danger / fire behavior computations with the Texas Instruments TI-59 calculator: user's manual. General Technical Report INT-61. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (1,150 KB; 25 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Burgan, R. E.; Susott, R. A. 1986. HP-71 replaces TI-59 for fire calculations in the field. Fire Management Notes 47(2): 11-13. (105 KB; 3 pages [ PDF ] |
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Susott, R. A.; Burgan, R. E. 1986. Fire behavior computations with the Hewlett-Packard HP-71B calculator. General Technical Report INT-202. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. (2,370 KB; 80 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
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Andrews, P. L. 1986. Methods for predicting fire behavior—you do have a choice. Fire Management Notes 47(2): 6-10. (1,355 KB; 5 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
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Frandsen, W. H.; Andrews, P. L. 1979. Fire behavior in nonuniform fuels. Research Paper INT-232. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. (7,529 KB; 34 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
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| Fire weather |
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Schroeder, M. J.; Buck, C. C. 1970. Fire Weather. Agriculture Handbook 360. Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. (229 pages)
- Complete "Fire Weather" book. [ PDF ] (16,576 KB; pp. I-III and 1-229; Warning: This document may take a long time to load.)
- Front Matter & Chapter 1 - Basic Principles [ PDF ] (pp. I-III, 1-18)
- Chapter 2 - Temperature [ PDF ] (pp. 19-32)
- Chapter 3 - Atmospheric Moisture [ PDF ] (pp. 33-48)
- Chapter 4 - Atmospheric Stability [ PDF ] (pp. 49-67)
- Chapter 5 - General Circulation [ PDF ] (pp. 68-84)
- Chapter 6 - General Winds [ PDF ] (pp. 85-106)
- Chapter 7 - Convective Winds [ PDF ] (pp. 107-126)
- Chapter 8 - Air Masses and Fronts [ PDF ] (pp. 127-143)
- Chapter 9 - Clouds and Precipitation [ PDF ] (pp. 144-165)
- Chapter 10 - Thunderstorms [ PDF ] (pp. 166-179)
- Chapter 11 - Weather and Fuel Moisture [ PDF ] (pp. 180-195)
- Chapter 12 - Fire Climate Regions [ PDF ] (pp. 196-220)
- Index [ PDF ] (pp. 221-229)
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| Fire fundamentals, historical |
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Barrows, J. S. 1951. Fire behavior in Northern Rocky Mountain forests. Station Paper 29. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (9,119 KB; 134 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Anonymous. [no date]. Hot facts of life on the fire line. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region. (426 KB; 16 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
We suspect this document was developed during the World War II era because of the following statement, found on page 1: "The fellow who used to fight fires has gone to war.... IT'S UP TO YOU. IT'S YOUR WAR JOB." More specifically, the document was most likely written between 1942 and 1945, since the first operational smokejumper fire jumps were made in 1940 (First Parachute Years, Missoula Smokejumpers) and cuffless "victory" trousers were mandated by the War Production Board, which was established in 1942. (Goodwin, 1994. No Ordinary Time. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II). The War Production Board was disbanded in 1945, shortly after the war ended (Wikipedia). |
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Jones, S. E. and Johnston J. 1968. Forest Fires; The Devil's Picnic. National Geographic July: 100-127. (37,039 KB; 28 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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| The following 13 publications are part of a group designed to describe important concepts of fire behavior and the application of these concepts to wildland fire problems. The level of difficulty is signaled by the color of the cover: the blue cover group is generally elementary and the yellow cover group is generally intermediate. |
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Countryman, C. M. 1971. This humidity business: what it is all about and its use in fire control (blue cover). Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. (713 KB; 18 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Countryman, C. M. 1971. Fire whirls...why, when, and where (blue cover). Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. (1,546 KB; 14 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Countryman, C. M. 1971. Carbon monoxide: a firefighting hazard (yellow cover). Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. (812 KB; 8 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Countryman, C. M. 1972. The fire environment concept (blue cover). Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. (1,291 KB; 15 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ] |
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Countryman, C. M. 1975-1976. Heat — its role in wildland fire (blue cover). Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
- Part 1 — The nature of heat. 1975. (377 KB; 10 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
- Part 2 — Heat conduction. 1976. (349 KB; 9 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
- Part 3 — Heat conduction and wildland fire. 1976. (665 KB; 14 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
- Part 4 — Radiation. 1976. (455 KB; 10 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
- Part 5 — Radiation and wildland fire. 1976. (606 KB; 14 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
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Countryman, C. M. 1977-1978. Heat and wildland fire (yellow cover). Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
- Part 1 — The nature of heat. 1977. (343 KB; 13 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
- Part 2 — Heat conduction. 1977. (226 KB; 10 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
- Part 3 — Heat conduction and wildland fire. 1977. (646 KB; 17 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
- Part 4 — Radiation.1978. (470 KB; 10 pages) [ PRI ] [ OCR ]
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